Proof of the conclusion of a license or permission agreement cannot only be provided by submitting a (written) license or permission agreement. For written documentation of the conclusion of a license agreement, a written agreement is sufficient from which the conclusion of an authorization or license agreement can be inferred by way of supplementary interpretation of the contract. If the licensee does not comply with a promise made to the licensor to refrain from using the licensed trademark in a manner not permitted under the license agreement, this may entitle the licensor to terminate the license agreement for cause (BGH, judgment of 17 October 2019, case reference: I ZR 34/18).
Trademark application in bad faith as leverage in competition
Trademark applications in bad faith: How abusive registrations lead to a blocking position and circumvent competition law – an EGC case.